外文翻译---建筑给排水的节水节能措施

1、<p><b>　　中文2662字</b></p><p><b>　　附录A</b></p><p>　　建筑给排水的节水节能措施</p><p><b>　　引言</b></p><p>　　我国是一个水资源短缺的国家，又是一个人口众多的国家，水资源供需矛盾尤其突

2、出。据资料显示全国人均水资源占有量只相当于世界人均水平的1/4，居世界的110位，被列为全球13个贫水国之一。目前在全国666个建制市中，有330多个城市不同程度地贫水，其中严重缺水的竟达108个，每年缺水就影响工业产值2300亿元。因此，如何开辟新的水源，节约或珍惜用水，具有重要意义。</p><p>　　1使用节水型卫生器具，减少用水量及加压能耗</p><p>　　1.1以瓷芯节水龙

3、头和充气水龙头代替普通水龙头。在水压相同的条件下，节水龙头比普通水龙头有着更好的节水效果，节水量为3%～50%，大部分在20%～30%之间。且在静压越高、普通水龙头出水量越大的地方，节水龙头的节水量也越大。因此，应在建筑中（尤其在水压超标的配水点）安装使用节水龙头，以减少浪费。</p><p>　　1.2使用小容积水箱大便器。目前我国正在推广使用6L水箱节水型大便器。设计人员应在保证排水系统正常工作的情况下建议用

4、户使用小容积水箱大便器。也可以参考国外（以色列）的做法，采用两档冲洗水箱：两档冲洗水箱在冲洗小便时，冲水量为4L（或更少）；冲洗大便时，冲水量为9L（或更少）。</p><p>　　1.3采用延时自闭式水龙头和光电控制式水龙头的小便器、大便器水箱。延时自闭式水龙头在出水一定时间后自动关闭，可避免长流水现象。出水时间可在一定范围内调节，但出水时间固定后，不易满足不同使用对象的要求，比较适用于使用性质相对单一的场所，

5、比如车站、码头等地方。光电控制式水龙头可以克服上述缺点，且不需要人触摸操作，可用在多种场所，但价格较高。目前，光电控制小便器已在一些公共建筑中安装使用。</p><p><b>　　2采取减压措施</b></p><p>　　在给水系统中合理配置减压装置是将水压控制在限值要求内、减少超压出流的技术保障。</p><p>　　2.1减压阀减压阀是

6、一种很好的减压装置，可分为比例式和直接动作型。前者是根据面积的比值来确定减压的比例，后者可以根据事先设定的压力减压，当用水端停止用水时，也可以控制住被减压的管内水压不升高，既能实现动减压也能实现静减压。</p><p>　　2.2减压孔板和节流塞减压孔板相对于减压阀来说，系统比较简单，投资较少，管理方便。实践表明，节水效果相当明显。但减压孔板只能减动压，不能减静压，且下游的压力随上游压力和流量而变，不够稳定。另外

7、，减压孔板容易堵塞。可以在水质较好和供水压力较稳定的情况下采用。节流塞的作用及优缺点与减压孔板基本相同。适合在小管径及其配件中安装使用。</p><p>　　3合理设置和使用水表</p><p>　　3.1提高水表计量的准确性在调查中发现，由于选型和水表本身的问题，水表计量的准确性较差。如有的建筑物水表型号过大，当用水量较小时，水表指针基本不动。根据有关部门的统计，约有40%的水表不符合&

8、#177;4%的精度要求。水表计量的准确性，不仅涉及买卖公平问题，也关系到对漏损控制的评价和采用的对策。为此，应采取措施提高水表计量的准确性。</p><p>　　3.2水表前加装过滤器影响水表计量准确度的主要原因之一是管网水质的影响，主要表现在水中杂质堵塞了水表滤网的部分进水孔，造成水表计量不准确。在水表前安装过滤器，可以解决这一问题并减轻水表磨损。国外在给水系统的阀门、水表、用水器具前大量使用过滤器并定期清洗

9、。但在我国，过滤器的效用还未引起人们的足够重视，只是在少数场合应用。所以应加快过滤器的研制工作，并尽快在建筑中应用。</p><p>　　4利用太阳能用作住宅热水加热的节能技术措施</p><p>　　利用太阳能用作住宅热水加热的使用范围及太阳能热水器的分类：</p><p>　　4.1太阳能作为清洁能源，取之不尽，用之不竭，是节能的重要途径。太阳能热水器是由集热器

10、、储水箱、给水箱、循环管、循环泵、配水管等组成。我国大部分地区均处于北纬40度以北，日照时间较长，均适合推广太阳能热水器。</p><p>　　4.2根据现在使用的太阳能热水器技术，按集热器形式可分为平板型和真空管型。</p><p>　　4.2.1平板型：在住宅中使用的小型热水器，目前多采用自然循环方式，且为单循环，即集热器内被加热的水直接进入储水箱提供使用。结构简单，成本较低，抗冻能力

11、弱。</p><p>　　4.2.2真空管型：全玻璃真空管结构简单，价格适中，水在玻璃管内直接被加热，其组成的家用热水器一般是将真空管直接接入非承压水箱，采用落水法取热水。也有采用金属热管组合的承压式及采用U型管组合的分离式，在不同地区都全年使用。具有抗冻、耐压和耐冷热冲击能力。</p><p>　　5合理利用市政管网余压</p><p>　　在城市供水中，根据城市

12、供水规模大小不同，一般市政给水管网压力均在0.2～0.4MPa之间，只能满足三～五层多层建筑供水压力，无法保证高层建筑供水压力。合理利用市政管网压力，采用分区供水方式可以减少二次加压能耗。</p><p>　　6开发第二资源——中水</p><p>　　中水来源于建筑生活排水，包括人们日常生活中排除的生活污水和生活废水。生活废水包括冷却排水、淋浴排水、盥洗排水、洗衣排水及厨房排水等杂排水。

13、不含厨房排水的杂排水称为优质杂排水。中水指的是各种排水经过处理后，达到规定的水质标准，可在生活、市政、环境等范围内杂用的非饮用水。</p><p>　　我国的建筑排水量中生活废水所占份额住宅为69%，宾馆、饭店为87%，办公楼为40%，如果收集起来经过净化处理成为中水，用作建筑杂用水和城市杂用水，如冲厕所、道路清扫、城市绿化、车辆冲洗、建筑施工、消防等杂用，从而替代出等量的自来水，这样相当于增加了城市的供水量。&

14、lt;/p><p><b>　　7充分利用雨水</b></p><p>　　雨水利用就是将雨水收集起来，经过一定的设施和药剂处理后，得到符合某种水质指标的水再利用的过程。类似于中水，处理后的雨水作为一种可以利用的水资源，可以用于厕所冲洗、城市绿化、景观用水以及其他适应中水水质标准的用水。现在我国的大多数建筑都将屋顶的雨水直接排入市政雨水管道，这不仅增加了市政雨水管道的承受

15、能力，加大了管径﹑增加了造价，同时也是一种对水资源的浪费。建筑物收集雨水的一般结构是，由导管把屋顶的雨水引人设在地下的雨水沉沙池，经沉积的雨水流人蓄水池，由水泵送至杂用水蓄水池，经加氯消毒后送至中水管道系统。为了解决降尘和酸雨问题，一般将降雨前两分钟的雨水撇除。</p><p>　　8生活给水系统和消防给水系统两者分别单独设置</p><p>　　在高层建筑给水设计中宜把生活给水系统和消防

16、给水系统两者分别单独设立，因为两种给水系统对水压的要求不同。按规定：生活给水系统按静水压力不大于300kPa～400kPa分区为宜，消防给水系统按静水压力不大于800kPa分区为宜。故若按消防要求水压值分区时，将使得生活给水管道超压而造成超量供水等问题；若常年用减压阀降压节流，又势必造成电能浪费；若按生活给水水压要求分区，则会相对增加水泵机组数目。所以，无论从节能节流，还是节约工程投资、运行管理方便的各个角度来看，均应把生活、消防给水系

17、统分开设置。这样便于合理确定各给水系统的竖向分区的压力值，避免造成能量浪费。</p><p><b>　　附录B</b></p><p>　　Building water supply and drainage water saving energy saving measures</p><p>　　The introduction</

18、p><p>　　China is a country with a shortage of water resources, it is a country with a large population, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources is particularly outstanding. According to d

19、ata shows that the per capita water resources is only equivalent to 1/4 of the world per capita level, 110, the world is listed as one of the world 13 PinShuiGuo. In the national 666 JianZhiShi at present, there are more

20、 than 330 urban poor in different degrees of water, serious water shortage of </p><p>　　1 use water-saving sanitary ware, reduce water consumption and pressure energy consumption</p><p>　　1.1 to

21、 porcelain core water-saving faucet and aeration tap instead of ordinary faucets. In the water pressure under the same conditions, water-saving faucet has better water saving effect than ordinary faucet, water quantity o

22、f 3% ~ 50%, most of between 20% ~ 30%. And the static pressure is higher, ordinary tap water, the greater the amount of water saving water-saving faucet. Therefore, should be in the building (especially in excess water p

23、ressure of water distribution point) install and use w</p><p>　　1.2 using a small volume toilet water tank. At present our country is promoting use of 6 l water tank water-saving closet pan. Designers should

24、 guarantee the normal work of the drainage system under the condition of water closet pan suggest users using a small volume. Also can refer to foreign (Israel), by using two flushing cistern: when two gears flushing cis

25、tern flush urine, flush of 4 l (or less); Stool flushing, flush for 9 l (or less).</p><p>　　1.3 electric control system adopts time-lapse self-closing faucets and light the urinal of faucet, toilet water tan

26、k. Time-lapse self-closing faucets in the water must be shut down automatically after the time, can avoid ChangLiuShui phenomenon. Discharge time can be adjusted within a certain range, but the water after fixed time, no

27、t easy to meet the requirements of different use object, is applicable to use properties relative to a single place, such as the station, wharf, etc. Photoelectric c</p><p>　　2 take relief measures</p>

28、<p>　　Rational allocation of pressure-relief devices in the water supply system is to control the water pressure limit, reduce the overpressure in the flow of technical support.</p><p>　　2.1 relief va

29、lve pressure reducing valve is a kind of very good pressure-relief devices, can be divided into type and action type directly. Is according to the ratio of area to determine the ratio of stress, which can be according to

30、 the predetermined pressure relief, when the end stop in the use of water, also can control the decompression pipe water pressure does not rise, can realize dynamic decompression can also implement static stress.</p&g

31、t;<p>　　2.2 decompression orifice plate and orifice plug decompression orifice plate relative to the pressure reducing valve, the system is simple, less investment, convenient management. Practice shows that the w

32、ater saving effect is obvious. But decompression orifice plate can only reduce dynamic pressure, can't reduce static, upstream and downstream of the pressure with pressure and flow rate and stable enough. In addition

33、, decompression orifice plate easy to jam. Can be in better water quality and w</p><p>　　3 set up and use reasonable water meter</p><p>　　3.1 improve the accuracy of the meter measuring in the s

34、urvey found that due to the selection and the meter itself, meter measuring accuracy is poorer. If some buildings water meter model is too large, when the water consumption is small, water meter pointer does not move. Ac

35、cording to the relevant departments of statistics, about 40% of the water meter is not in conformity with the demands of plus or minus 4% accuracy. Water meter measuring accuracy, not only involving trade fair question,

36、also</p><p>　　3.2 meter before adding filters affect water meter measuring accuracy is one of the leading causes of pipe network water quality influence, mainly displays in the water impurity blocked the wat

37、er meter mesh parts into the hole, cause water meter measurement inaccurate. Before the water meter installed filters, can solve this problem and reduce wear water meter. Abroad in feed system of valves, water meters, wa

38、ter filters and regular cleaning is widely used in appliance before. But in our country</p><p>　　4 Making use of the solar energy for residence heating hot water energy-saving technical measures</p>&

39、lt;p>　　The use of the use of solar energy for residence heating hot water and the classification of the solar water heater:</p><p>　　4.1 solar energy as a clean energy, unlimited, unlimited, is the import

40、ant way of energy saving. The solar water heater is composed of collector, storage water tank, water tank, circular tube, the circulating pump, pipes, etc. North of the most areas in China were under 40 degrees north lat

41、itude, the sunshine for a long time, are suitable for promotion of solar water heater.</p><p>　　4.2 according to the current use of solar energy water heater technology, can be divided into the form of the c

42、ollector plate type and tube type.</p><p>　　4.2.1small water heater is used in homes, now use natural circulation ways, more and for the single cycle, the heated in the collector that directly into the stora

43、ge tank to provide water to use. Simple structure, low cost, antifreeze ability weak.</p><p>　　4.2.2 type vacuum tube, all-glass vacuum tube structure is simple, moderate price, the water in the glass tube i

44、s heated directly, the household water heater is generally composed of the vacuum tube directly connected to the unconfined water tank, water method is used to get the hot water. Also have adopted metal tube combination

45、pressure type and using u-shaped tube combination of separate, in different regions are used throughout the year. With antifreeze, pressure and resistance to hot and co</p><p>　　5 Rational utilization of mun

46、icipal pipe network pressure</p><p>　　In urban water supply, the size is different according to the urban water supply, municipal water supply pipe network pressure generally between 0.2 ~ 0.4 MPa, meet only

47、 3 ~ 5 layers of multilayer buildings water supply pressure, there is no guarantee that high-rise building water supply pressure. Rational utilization of municipal pipe network pressure, using the partition way of water

48、supply can reduce secondary pressure energy consumption.</p><p>　　6 develop second resource - water</p><p>　　Water from the building drainage, including people in daily life of sewage and waste

49、water of life. Life waste water including the cooling water drainage, shower, toilet, laundry, drainage and drainage drainage kitchen drainage miscellaneous drainage, etc. Does not contain the kitchen drainage miscellane

50、ous drainage called high-quality miscellaneous drainage. Water refers to the various drainage after processing, meet the prescribed standards for water quality, and can be within the scope of the</p><p>　　Ou

51、r share of residential building displacement of domestic wastewater was 69%, 87%, hotel and restaurant buildings is 40%, if collected after purification treatment for water, and used as building miscellaneous water and m

52、iscellaneous water city, such as toilet flushing, road cleaning, urban greening, vehicle washing, building construction, fire control and other miscellaneous, so as to replace the same amount of water, this is equivalent

53、 to increase the city's water supply.</p><p>　　7 make full use of rainwater</p><p>　　Collected rainwater utilization is the rain, after certain facilities and medicament treatment, get confo

54、rm to the process of some water quality indicators of water reuse. Similar Yu Zhongshui, treated as a kind of can make use of rain water, can be used for toilet flushing, urban greening, landscaping and other adapted to

55、water in the water quality standards in the use of water.Most of the buildings are now in our country will be on the roof rainwater directly discharged into municipal rainwate</p><p>　　8 the drinking water s

56、ystem and fire water system respectively set up separately</p><p>　　In the appropriate to the drinking water system in the design of high-rise building water supply and fire fighting water supply system are

57、set up separately, and because two different feed system for water pressure requirements. According to the rules: the drinking water system according to hydrostatic pressure no greater than 300 kpa to 400 kpa partitions,